This page last updated September 8, 2020.
A selection of articles, reports, and other resources focused on health equity and health equity measurement are listed below by category.
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Anderson, A. C., O'Rourke, E., Chin, M. H., Ponce, N. A., Bernheim, S. M., & Burstin, H. (2018). Promoting health equity and eliminating disparities through performance measurement and payment. Health Affairs, 37(3), 371-377. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.1301 ![]()
Keppel, K., Pamuk, E., Lynch, J., Carter-Pokras, O., Kim, I., Mays, V., . . . Weissman, J. S. (2005, July). Methodological issues in measuring health disparities (DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 2005-1341). Vital and Health Statistics, 2(141). National Center for Health Statistics. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_02/sr02_141.pdf ![]()
Office of Health Equity, Colorado Department of Public Health & Environment. (n.d.). Measuring performance to advance equity. Retrieved from https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/cdphe/suite-of-tools ![]()
Penman-Aguilar, A., Talih, M., Huang, D., Moonesinghe, R., Bouye, K., & Beckles, G. (2016). Measurement of health disparities, health inequities, and social determinants of health to support the advancement of health equity. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 22(Suppl 1), S33-S42. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000000373 ![]()

Prevention Institute. (2015). Measuring what works to achieve health equity: Metrics for the determinants of health. Retrieved from https://www.preventioninstitute.org/publications/measuring-what-works-achieve-health-equity-metrics-determinants-health ![]()
Santana, P., Freitas, Â., Stefanik, I., Costa, C., Oliveira, M., Rodrigues, T. C., Vieira, A., Ferreira, P. L., Borrell, C., Dimitroulopoulou, S., Rican, S., Mitsakou, C., Marí-Dell’Olmo, M., Schweikart, J., Corman, D., & Bana e Costa, C. A. (2020). Advancing tools to promote health equity across European Union regions: The EURO-HEALTHY project. Health Research Policy and Systems, 18(18). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-020-0526-y ![]()
American Public Health Association. (2015). Better health through equity: Case studies in reframing public health work. Retrieved from https://www.apha.org/~/media/files/pdf/topics/equity/equity_stories.ashx ![]()
Ansari, Z., Carson, N. J., Ackland, M. J., Vaughan, L., & Serraglio, A. (2003). A public health model of the social determinants of health. Sozial- und Präventivmedizin/Social and Preventive Medicine, 48, 242-251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-003-2052-4 ![]()

Canadian Council on Social Determinants of Health. (2015). A review of frameworks on the determinants of health. Retrieved from http://ccsdh.ca/images/uploads/Frameworks_Report_English.pdf ![]()
Crawford, A., & Serhal, E. (2020). Digital health equity and COVID-19: The innovation curve cannot reinforce the social gradient of health. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(6), e19361. https://doi.org/10.2196/19361 ![]()
Dover, D. C., & Belon, A. P. (2019). The health equity measurement framework: a comprehensive model to measure social inequities in health. International Journal for Equity in Health, 18(36). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-019-0935-0 ![]()
Dover, D. C., & Belon, A. P. (2019). Correction to: The health equity measurement framework: a comprehensive model to measure social inequities in health. International Journal for Equity in Health, 18(58). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-019-0949-7 ![]()
Freeman, T., Javanparast, S., Baum, F., Ziersch, A., & Mackean, T. (2018). A framework for regional primary health care to organise actions to address health inequities. International Journal of Public Health, 63(5), 567–575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-018-1083-9 ![]()

Hankivsky, O. (Ed.). (2012). An intersectionality-based policy analysis framework. Institute for Intersectionality Research and Policy, Simon Fraser University. ![]()
Hankivsky, O., Grace, D., Hunting, G., Giesbrecht, M., Fridkin, A., Rudrum, S., Ferlatte, O., & Clark, N. (2014). An intersectionality-based policy analysis framework: Critical reflections on a methodology for advancing equity. International Journal for Equity in Health, 13, 119. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-014-0119-x ![]()
Health Quality Council of Alberta. (2005). Alberta Quality Matrix for Health. Retrieved from https://hqca.ca/about/how-we-work/the-alberta-quality-matrix-for-health-1/ ![]()
Hogan, V., Rowley, D. L., White, S. B., & Faustin, Y. (2018). Dimensionality and R4P: A health equity framework for research planning and evaluation in African American populations. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 22(2), 147–153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-017-2411-z ![]()

Kramer, M. R., Strahan, A. E., Preslar, J., Zaharatos, J., St Pierre, A., Grant, J. E., Davis, N. L., Goodman, D. A., & Callaghan, W. M. (2019). Changing the conversation: Applying a health equity framework to maternal mortality reviews. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 221(6), 609.e1-609.e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2019.08.057 ![]()

Laderman, M., & Whittington, J. (2016). A framework for improving health equity. Healthcare Executive, 31(3), 82–85. ![]()

Liburd, L. C., Hall, J. E., Mpofu, J. J., Williams, S. M., Bouye, K., & Penman-Aguilar, A. (2020). Addressing health equity in public health practice: Frameworks, promising strategies, and measurement considerations. Annual Review of Public Health, 41, 417-432. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094119 ![]()
Ministry of Health, New Zealand. (2014). Equity of health care for Māori: A framework. Retrieved from https://www.health.govt.nz/publication/equity-health-care-maori-framework ![]()
Ministry of Health, Toronto, Ontario. (2012). Health Equity Impact Assessment (HEIA) Tool. Retrieved from http://www.health.gov.on.ca/en/pro/programs/heia/ ![]()
Multnomah County Health Department. (2014). 2014 report card on racial and ethnic disparities. Retrieved from https://multco.us/file/37530/download ![]()
Pottie, K., Agic, B., Archibald, D., Ratnayake, A., Tapia, M., & Thanos, J. (2019). HEIA tools: Inclusion of migrants in health policy in Canada. Health Promotion International, 34(4), 697-705. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/day016 ![]()

Prevention Institute. (2015). Moving from understanding to action on health equity: Social determinants of health frameworks and THRIVE. Retrieved from https://www.preventioninstitute.org/publications/moving-understanding-action-health-equity-social-determinants-health-frameworks-and ![]()
Sadare, O., Williams, M., & Simon, L. (2020). Implementation of the Health Equity Impact Assessment (HEIA) tool in a local public health setting: Challenges, facilitators, and impacts. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 111(2), 212–219. https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-019-00269-2 ![]()

Trinh-Shevrin, C., Islam, N. S., Nadkarni, S., Park, R., & Kwon, S. C. (2015). Defining an integrative approach for health promotion and disease prevention: A population health equity framework. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 26(2 Suppl), 146–163. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2015.0067 ![]()

Wyatt, R., Laderman, M., Botwinick, L., Mate, K., & Whittington, J. (2016). Achieving health equity: A guide for health care organizations [white paper]. Institute for Healthcare Improvement. Retrieved from http://www.ihi.org/resources/Pages/IHIWhitePapers/Achieving-Health-Equity.aspx ![]()
World Health Organization. (2010). A conceptual framework for action on the social determinants of health [Social determinants of health discussion paper 2]. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/sdhconference/resources/ConceptualframeworkforactiononSDH_eng.pdf ![]()
Bliss, D., Mishra, M., Ayers, J., & Lupi, M. V. (2016). Cross-sectoral collaboration: The state health official's role in elevating and promoting health equity in all policies in Minnesota. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 22(Suppl 1), S87-S93. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000000330 ![]()

Brown, C., Harrison, D., Burns, H., & Ziglio, E. (2014). Governance for health equity: Taking forward the equity values and goals of Health 2020 in the WHO European Region. World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://www.euro.who.int/en/publications/abstracts/governance-for-health-equity-2014 ![]()
California Pan-Ethnic Health Network. (2018). California Reducing Disparities Project: Strategic plan to reduce mental health disparities. Retrieved from https://cpehn.org/page/california-reducing-disparities-project-strategic-plan-reduce-mental-health-disparities ![]()
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2019, December 11). CMS equity plan for Medicare. Retrieved from https://www.cms.gov/About-CMS/Agency-Information/OMH/equity-initiatives/equity-plan ![]()
Dean, H., Roberts, G. W., Bouye, K. E., Green, Y., & McDonald, M. (2016). Sustaining a focus on health equity at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention through organizational structures and functions. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 22(Suppl 1), S60-S67. https://10.1097/PHH.0000000000000305 ![]()

Dicent Taillepierre, J. C., Liburd, L., O'Connor, A., Valentine, J., Bouye, K., McCree, D. H., Chapel, T., & Hahn, R. (2016). Toward achieving health equity: Emerging evidence and program practice. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 22(Suppl 1), S43-S49. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000000375 ![]()

Hall, M., Graffunder, C., & Metzler, M. (2016). Policy approaches to advancing health equity. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 22(Suppl 1), S50-S59. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000000365 ![]()

Liburd, L., Ehlinger, E., Liao, Y., & Lichtveld, M. (2016). Strengthening the science and practice of health equity in public health. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 22(Suppl 1), S1-S4. https://doi.org10.1097/PHH.0000000000000379 ![]()

Mendoza-Walters, A., Mishra, M., Carlin, M., Nweke, O. C., Sellers, K., & Jarris, P. (2016). State and territorial infrastructure for health equity and minority health. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 22(Suppl 1), S77-S86. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000000336 ![]()

Mishra, M., Lupi, M. V., Miller, W. J., & Nolfo, T. (2016). Promoting health and behavioral health equity in California. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 22(Suppl 1), S100-S106. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000000309 ![]()

Office of Health Equity, Health Resources & Services Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2018). Health equity report 2017. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from https://www.hrsa.gov/sites/default/files/hrsa/health-equity/2017-HRSA-health-equity-report.pdf ![]()
Bau, I., & Transformation Center, Oregon Health Authority. (2017, June). Opportunities for Oregon's coordinated care organizations to advance health equity. Retrieved from https://www.oregon.gov/oha/HPA/DSI-TC/Documents/CCO-Opportunities-to-Advance-Health-Equity.pdf ![]()
Bau, I., & Transformation Center, Oregon Health Authority. (2019, January). Oregon's coordinated care organizations advancing health equity. Retrieved from https://www.oregon.gov/oha/HPA/dsi-tc/Resources/Oregon-CCOs-Advancing-Health-Equity.PDF ![]()
Wyatt, R., Laderman, M., Botwinick, L., Mate, K., & Whittington, J. (2016). Achieving health equity: A guide for health care organizations (IHI White Paper). Cambridge, MA: Institute for Healthcare Improvement. Retrieved from http://www.ihi.org/resources/Pages/IHIWhitePapers/Achieving-Health-Equity.aspx ![]()
Applebaum, B., & Robbins, S. (2016). Language access and health equity: Changes under the Affordable Care Act. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 27(2), 416-426. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2016.0064 ![]()

Bohm, P., & Cupertino, A. P. (2015). Accommodating limited English proficient Spanish speakers in rural hospitals. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 17(4), 1277-1279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-014-0038-3 ![]()

Carmona, R. H. (2007). Improving language access: A personal and national agenda. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 22(Suppl 2), 277-278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-007-0376-0 ![]()
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2014). Strategic language access plan (LAP) to improve access to CMS federally conducted activities by persons with limited English proficiency (LEP). Retrieved from https://www.cms.gov/About-CMS/Agency-Information/OEOCRInfo/Downloads/CMS-LAP-Updated-2014-508.pdf ![]()
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2017, April). Understanding communication and language needs of Medicare beneficiaries. Retrieved from https://www.cms.gov/About-CMS/Agency-Information/OMH/Downloads/Issue-Briefs-Understanding-Communication-and-Language-Needs-of-Medicare-Beneficiaries.pdf ![]()
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2017, September). How healthcare providers meet patient language needs: Highlights of a Medscape provider survey. Retrieved from https://www.cms.gov/About-CMS/Agency-Information/OMH/Downloads/Issue-Brief-How-Healthcare-Providers-Meet-Patient-Language-Needs.pdf ![]()
Chen, A. H., Youdelman, M. K., & Brooks, J. (2007). The legal framework for language access in healthcare settings: Title VI and beyond. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 22(Suppl 2), 362-367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-007-0366-2 ![]()
Daniel, L. (2015). Improving the delivery of care to limited English proficiency patients. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 44(Suppl 1), S38-S39. https://doi.org/10.1111/1552-6909.12720 ![]()

Diamond, L., Izquierdo, K., Canfield, D., Matsoukas, K., & Gany, F. (2019). A systematic review of the impact of patient-physician non-English language concordance on quality of care and outcomes. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 34(8), 1591-1606. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04847-5 ![]()
Estrada, R. D., & Messias, D. K. H. (2018). Language co-construction and collaboration in interpreter-mediated primary care encounters with Hispanic adults. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 29(6), 498-505. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659617747523 ![]()

Geisz, M. B. (2011, April 18). Speaking Together: National Language Services Network. Retrieved from https://www.rwjf.org/en/library/research/2011/04/speaking-together.html ![]()
George Washington University School of Public Health & Health Services Center for Health Policy Research. (2008, June 6). Speaking Together toolkit. Retrieved from https://www.rwjf.org/en/library/research/2008/06/speaking-together-toolkit0.html ![]()
Gershon, R., Morris, L., & Ferguson, W. (2016). Including language access into Medicaid ACO design. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 44(3), 492-502. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073110516667945 ![]()

Jacobs, E. (2008). A better measure of patients’ need for interpreter services. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 23(10), 1724-1725. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-008-0759-x ![]()
Jacobs, E. A., Lauderdale, D. S., Meltzer, D., Shorey, J. M., Levinson, W., & Thisted, R. A. (2001). Impact of interpreter services on delivery of health care to limited-English-proficient patients. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(7), 468-474. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016007468.x ![]()

Jacobs, E. A., Shepard, D. S., Suaya, J. A., & Stone, E.-L. (2004). Overcoming language barriers in health care: Costs and benefits of interpreter services. American Journal of Public Health, 95(5), 866-869. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.94.5.866 ![]()
Karliner, L. (2019). Establishing the necessary conditions for achieving language access and equitable, quality care for populations with limited English proficiency. The Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety, 45(6), 395-396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjq.2019.04.004 ![]()

Lee, J. S., Pérez-Stable, E. J., Gregorich, S. E., Crawford, M. H., Green, A., Livaudais-Toman, J., & Karliner, L. S. (2017). Increased access to professional interpreters in the hospital improves informed consent for patients with limited English proficiency. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 32(8), 863-870. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-017-3983-4 ![]()
López, L., Rodriguez, F., Huerta, D., Soukup, J., & Hicks, L. (2015). Use of interpreters by physicians for hospitalized limited English proficient patients and its impact on patient outcomes. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 30(6), 783-789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-015-3213-x ![]()
Mirza, M., & Harrison, E. A. (2018). Working with clients with limited English proficiency: Mapping language access in occupational therapy. Occupational Therapy in Health Care, 32(2), 105-123. https://doi.org/10.1080/07380577.2018.1434722 ![]()

Moreland, C. J., Ritley, D., Rainwater, J. A., & Romano, P. S. (2012). State policies and language access in California’s HMOs: Public reporting and regulation of HMOs’ language services. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 23(1), 474-498. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2012.0020 ![]()

National Academies of Sciences and Medicine. (2018). A proposed framework for integration of quality performance measures for health literacy, cultural competence, and language access services: Proceedings of a workshop. National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/24918 ![]()

Njeru, J. W., Boehm, D. H., Jacobson, D. J., Guzman-Corrales, L. M., Fan, C., Shimotsu, S., & Wieland, M. L. (2017). Diabetes outcome and process measures among patients who require language interpreter services in Minnesota primary care practices. Journal of Community Health, 42(4), 819-825. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-017-0323-x ![]()

Paradise, R. K., Hatch, M., Quessa, A., Gargano, F., Khaliif, M., & Costa, V. (2019). Reducing the use of ad hoc interpreters at a safety-net health care system. The Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety, 45(6), 397-405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjq.2019.01.004 ![]()

Parés-Avila, J. A., Sobralske, M. C., & Katz, J. R. (2011). No comprendo: Practice considerations when caring for Latinos with limited English proficiency in the United States health care system. Hispanic Health Care International, 9(4), 159-167. https://doi.org/10.1891/1540-4153.9.4.159 ![]()

Regenstein, M. (2007). Measuring and improving the quality of hospital language services: Insights from the Speaking Together collaborative. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 22(Suppl 2), 356-359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-007-0358-2 ![]()
Schiaffino, M. K., Al-Amin, M., & Schumacher, J. R. (2014). Predictors of language service availability in U.S. hospitals. International Journal of Health Policy And Management, 3(5), 259-268. https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2014.95 ![]()
Showstack, R. (2019). Patients don’t have language barriers; The healthcare system does. Emergency Medicine Journal, 36(10), 580–581. https://doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2019-208929 ![]()

Showstack, R. E., Guzman, K., Chesser, A. K., & Woods, N. K. (2019). Improving Latino health equity through Spanish language interpreter advocacy in Kansas. Hispanic Health Care International, 17(1), 18-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/1540415318818706 ![]()

Sperling, J. (2009). Improving immigrants’ access to public services in the United States: Language access policy and policy implementation. Current Issues in Language Planning, 10(4), 405-421. https://doi.org/10.1080/14664200903555013 ![]()

Tang, S. Y. S. (1999). Interpreter services in healthcare: Policy recommendations for healthcare agencies. The Journal of Nursing Administration, 29(6), 23-29. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005110-199906000-00006 ![]()

Teitelbaum, J., Cartwright-Smith, L., & Rosenbaum, S. (2012). Translating rights into access: Language access and the Affordable Care Act. American Journal of Law & Medicine, 38(2–3), 348-373. https://doi.org/10.1177/009885881203800205 ![]()

The Joint Commission. (2010). Advancing effective communication, cultural competence, and patient- and family-centered care: A roadmap for hospitals. The Joint Commission. Retrieved from https://www.jointcommission.org/-/media/tjc/documents/resources/patient-safety-topics/health-equity/aroadmapforhospitalsfinalversion727pdf.pdf ![]()
Wamwayi, M. O., Cope, V., & Murray, M. (2019). Service gaps related to culturally appropriate mental health care for African immigrants. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 28(5), 1113-1121. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12622 ![]()

Weiss, L., Scherer, M., Chantarat, T., Oshiro, T., Padgen, P., Pagan, J., Rosenfeld, P., & Yin, H. S. (2019). Assessing the impact of language access regulations on the provision of pharmacy services. Journal of Urban Health, 96(4), 644-651. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-018-0240-z ![]()
Wilson, C. C. (2013). Patient safety and healthcare quality: The case for language access. International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 1(4), 251-253. https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2013.53 ![]()
Youdelman, M. K. (2008). The medical tongue: U.S. laws and policies on language access. Health Affairs, 27(2), 424-433. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.27.2.424 ![]()
